Suffering in Shakespeares King Lear :: King Lear essays

Suffering in King Lear Suffering takes on many appearances, depending on how it is received.In King Lear, suffering was very bruiseful to two people, and the giver wasntnecessarily an enemy, pain can be from the ones you love. A storm isntsomething you wouldnt think of when pain comes to mind, moreover it is an elementand part of your environment, so atomic number 18 the people one deals with. Pain can comefrom many areas, both far and near. The enemies in our lives are their to balance the goodness that we feel.The world has balance and they provide it. The pain that they furnish us comesin many forms, mental and physical. In Gloucesters case, physical was the mainone. getting your eyes gouged out must be an excruciating way to experiencepain. The blinding of a person is not only painful, but demeaning andtormenting as well. Imagine being blinded and having to experience the world every over again. The frustration of depending on other people and learning howto navigate your su rroundings, with all the good will of a child. This kind ofsuffering could lead to suicide, and it would have, except Gloucester was blindand couldnt see that there was no cliff to throw himself off of. His enemiesdidnt want to kill him, but they already did, internally. The internal death is the final stage of mental suffering, but there aremany stages before the one must go with to get to that last stage. Many ofthese stages are shown in King Lear, as he breaks down from a powerful man to acrazy derelict, all because of someone close to him, that he trusted, stabbedhim in the back. The family is part of your environment and so is the weather.A storm can be a gusting hurricane or a departure with your sister. Bothconflicts cause damage, and the damage may or may not be repairable. In thecase of King Lear, his mental state diminished earlier badly. He was seeingsmall rodents on his arm and even a elaborate courtroom scene, all in his head.The pain of falling down from benignity and having your own children disown you andrefuse you love you was too much for old King Lear.

mauryan empire :: essays research papers fc

The Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, is famous for his Rock and Pillar edicts. But how much can we really hunch over about Ashoka and his empire from these edicts, particularly as almost no other state exists for Ashokas reign?It is a fair assessment that up until the ahead of time part of the twentieth century, when the definitive link between Ashoka and that of the Devanampiya Piyadassi (Beloved of the Gods Piyadassi) character inscribed on the edicts was established, very little was either known about Ashoka or c atomic number 18d for by historians. However, it must be said that the Mauryan Empire itself was an era of significant historical value not without a good deal of historical and archaeological evidence to substantiate its importance. In addressing the issue of what the edicts in particular reveal to us about Ashoka and the period of his reign one needs to acknowledge undoubtedly what is organism stated, but perhaps moreover one needs to pay attention to the inherent meanings, the intended meanings and the contextual meanings of the inscriptions themselves.The ultimate thematic concern of the edicts in normal is that of the principle of Dhamma. A definition of Dhamma itself is given in the 2nd Pillar Edict as having few faults and many good deeds, mercy, charity, truthfulness and purity. In this context one may deduce that the notion of Dhamma is a type of ethos for social morality or ethical behaviour. Furthermore, the term is said to be a fundamental school of thought of Buddhist doctrine, the practice of which leads to ones advancement in both a spiritual and material sense. That Ashoka was a proclaimed Buddhist is evident from the edicts, I have been a Buddhist layman for more than two and a half years, but for a year I did not make much progress. Now for more than a year I have drawn closer to the Order and become more ardent. There are fewer examples of a more personal self-proclamation to be found and yet one cannot help but consider the motive behind it. Surely Ashoka, had taken seriously to Buddhism, he at least says so. However, he says so, publicly. This implies that he either was a firm believer who had a need to use his position as a platform to preach a doctrine which he had come to accept as the ultimate truth and as such, to share with and enlighten his large number or he was a very sensible and intuitive leader who had a tremendous amount of foresight in adopting the principles of a profound philosophy that he saw could be used to strategically unify and mould his empire both socially and politically.

Religion and its Impact on the Life of Man of Today :: Religion

Religion and its wedge on the living of the patch of today Jamalpour believes, It is rattling difficult to define the godliness, each group of people have a specific definition and beliefs about that. But people believe that religion makes a better life and makes the world a better place to live. With the help of religion people will respect to the costumes and traditions, nobody will be disappointed, the life has a meaning. So many kinds of religions until today have found, still it?s impossible to say which one is helpful or has a positive impact on man.From the beginning of life there was a power that keeps human away from darkness, this power in all societies and cultures effect the life of that community, the beliefs that there ar always wars between light and darkness, the stories about God and evil, cause people to accept the orders that were brought by some messengers that called religion. Some say that religion cause man to believe in a super power that control their lives and the world, every thing, every action is under the control of this power, who knows what is this power?The next group, who think religion cause people to believe in myth and superstition, are against the religion and religious thoughts. They consider religion as an obstacleto human?s development, as a limitation for free life. Even some of them don?t believe in God, they consider the world as a machine which deeds according to special rules, they say every thing in this world is mortal, there is no life after death, so they try to seize the age in this world and experience all the pleasures.More than that is mentioned here, there are groups or better to say countries that although they don?t believe in religion, but use it in order to reach to their benefits, the play with people, they deceive people with wrong beliefs, different governments in different eras, killed, destroyed, and punished innocent people scarce because they don?t heed to their religions .

Robert Altmans Nashville Essay -- essays research papers

Nashville EssayRobert Altmans movie Nashville is based on the political, social, and personal problems that our country has to palm with. These problems are rooted in the battle among the need to create some false image of success and the need for truth which is the struggle that exists in every character of this film (except Jeff Goldbloom). To show this Robert Altman takes us through Nashvilles Country Music using political commentary, music and realistically depicted dialogue to tell the story. Altman portrayed politics as sort of a parasite feeding off of the Nashville dream. He used acousmatic sound in two instructions to portray these parasitic politics. The first way is the use of the Hall Walker van which was an almost a surreal narrator between scenes. This provided a point of view of what should or should not be done politically. An example of this would be when the van is talking about health care as they show Barbra Gene sitting in her hospital write out with all th e flowers and what not as if to set up an outside view of the situation. The second way acousmatic sound was used in this political manner was through TV and Radio. Instead of this providing a point of view or an opinion it acted as an lowlife of the present situation that was undergoing at the time, for example the news casters commenting on Barbra Genes collapse at the airport, or when Barbra Gene is in her hospital bed listening to her replacement, Connie White, sing at the Grand Old Opry. The function...

E-commerce :: essays research papers

Running head ECOMMERCEeCommerceThe Popularity of Online AuctionsAbstractThe Popularity of Online AuctionsThe opportunity to shop from the puff of anes own home has seen a change like never seen before. Within the span of a few short years, what may have began as an experimental idea has grown to an immensely popular hobby, and in around cases, a means of livelihood, the online auction bridge gathers tremendous response everyday, whole day. With the point and click of the mouse, one may bid on an item they may contain or just want, and in moments they find that either they are the top bidder or someone else wants it more, and youre outbid The excitement of an auction all from the comfort of home.With this opportunity to buy sight unseen also comes the opportunity to be scammed sight unseen as well. There are over 30 one million million hits each month on the online auction sites, and that is opportunity waiting to be taken for those with the criminal intent of defrauding other s.However with a little care and caution, one can have a positive experience doing business on an online auction, and each party can leave satisfied with their deal, whether they are the buyer, the seller, or the conveyance that brought it all together. eCommerceThe Popularity of Online AuctionsCongratulations This eBay item has successfully ended. (eBay, retrieved 11 April 2002, Sellers Guide, http//pages.ebay.com/help/sellerguide/after-whatnow.html) Many people each day receive this message in their netmail box, notifying them that they have won the bid on an item listed with eBay, for sale to the highest bidder. In fact, online auctions have become so popular, they are gathering multi-billion dollar per year business. cover auction sites, January 2002Site     Unique visitors     Site     Unique visitorseBay     28.9 million     Myitem.com     860,000Yahoo Auct ions     3.7 million     Bidz.com      612,000uBid.com     3.1 million      BuyBidWin.com     487,000Andale sites     2.2 million     PhilTanny.com     279,000QOOL.com     977,000     SkyAuction.com     262,000All auctions      32.3 million          Note Usage be for individual sites exceed total because duplicate users, those visiting more than one site, have been eliminated. The total does not include Amazon.com Auctions.Source Jupiter Media Metrix(Mulrean, J., 5 steps to avoiding auction rip-offs,retrieved 12 April 2002 from MSN Money,http//money.msn.com/articles/smartbuy/dollarwise/9013.asping ground for fraud.) In 2000, the eBay community transacted more than $5 billion in annualize d gross merchandise sales (value of goods traded on the eBay site). (eBay, retrieved 11 April 2002,Company Overview, http//pages.ebay.com/community/aboutebay/overview/index.html), and for all of 2001, EBay generated revenue of US$748.8 million, representing a 74 percent annual growth. That is serious money by anyones standards. "EBay has been profitablenearly since Day One," Morningstar analyst David Kathman told the E-

E-commerce :: essays research papers

Running head ECOMMERCEeCommerceThe Popularity of Online AuctionsAbstractThe Popularity of Online AuctionsThe opportunity to shop from the comfort of ones own home has seen a miscellany like never seen before. Within the span of a few short years, what may have began as an experimental idea has grown to an immensely favorite hobby, and in some cases, a means of livelihood, the online sell gathers tremendous response everyday, all day. With the point and click of the mouse, one may bid on an specific they may need or just want, and in moments they find that either they are the top bidder or someone else wants it more, and youre outbid The excitement of an auction all from the comfort of home.With this opportunity to buy sight unseen also comes the opportunity to be scammed sight unseen as well. There are everywhere 30 million hits each month on the online auction sites, and that is opportunity waiting to be taken for those with the criminal intent of defrauding others.However wit h a microscopic care and caution, one can have a positive experience doing business on an online auction, and each party can leave satisfied with their do by, whether they are the buyer, the seller, or the conveyance that brought it all together. eCommerceThe Popularity of Online AuctionsCongratulations This eBay item has successfully ended. (eBay, retrieved 11 April 2002, Sellers Guide, http//pages.ebay.com/help/sellerguide/after-whatnow.html) Many people each day receive this mental object in their e-mail box, notifying them that they have won the bid on an item listed with eBay, for sale to the highest bidder. In fact, online auctions have become so popular, they are gathering multi-billion sawhorse per year business. Top auction sites, January 2002Site     Unique visitors     Site     Unique visitorseBay     28.9 million     Myitem.com     860,000Yahoo Auct ions     3.7 million     Bidz.com      612,000uBid.com     3.1 million      BuyBidWin.com     487,000Andale sites     2.2 million     PhilTanny.com     279,000QOOL.com     977,000     SkyAuction.com     262,000All auctions      32.3 million           contrast Usage numbers for individual sites exceed total because duplicate users, those visiting more than one site, have been eliminated. The total does not include Amazon.com Auctions.Source Jupiter Media Metrix(Mulrean, J., 5 steps to avoiding auction rip-offs,retrieved 12 April 2002 from MSN Money,http//money.msn.com/articles/smartbuy/dollarwise/9013.asping ground for fraud.) In 2000, the eBay community transacted more than $5 billion in annualized gross merchandise sales (value of goods traded on the eBay site). (eBay, retrieved 11 April 2002,Company Overview, http//pages.ebay.com/community/aboutebay/overview/index.html), and for all of 2001, EBay generated revenue of US$748.8 million, representing a 74 percent annual growth. That is serious money by anyones standards. "EBay has been profitablenearly since twenty-four hour period One," Morningstar analyst David Kathman told the E-

A Survey on the Impact of Green Procurement

TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATIONi TABLE OF CONTENT. . ii-iii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION.. 1 1. 1 Background of the Study1 1. 1. 1 The Kenyan Cement Industries3 1. 2 mastery of the Problem4 1. 3 Objectives of the Study5 1. 4 Signifi posteriorce of the Study5 1. 5 Justification for the Study6 1. 6 Scope of the hit the books6 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW7 2. 0 Introduction7 2. 1 The ideal of verdancy procural7 2. 2 reach of common land Procurement in the Cement manufacture7 2. Green Procurement Practises in the Cement Industry9 2. 4 The Impact of Green Procurement on the Performance of the Organization10 2. 5. conceptual framework11 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY13 3. 0 Introduction13 3. 1 Research Design13 3. 2 take aim Population13 Table 3. 1 Target Population and assay Size14 3. 3 Sampling and Sample techniques14 3. 4 Data Collection Instruments15 3. 5 Data Collection Procedure15 3. 6 Data Analysis15 REFERENCES17 APPENDICES20 App terminalix I Introduction Letter20Appendix II Research Questionnaire21 Appendix 3 Budget26 Appendix IV Time Schedule27 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Study Environmental issues have become a subject of critical furbish up for businesses in recent years worldwide. Environmental obligations have grown substantially as society becomes more(prenominal)(prenominal) advised of its surround. Legislation relating to the purlieu is increasing in number, and companies have to be environmentally responsible by taking a proactive stance on voluntary initiatives.Therefore, it is essential that they deliver reasonably priced whole step goods and go in desired time frame. Porter and Vander Linde (1995) proved that properly deviseed environmental standards stooge trigger innovations that improve values, ultimately enhanced imaging productivity that makes companies more hawkish. Green procural is an approach in which environmental alludes play an important role in procurement decisions, with procurement officers concerned intimately more than just price and quality.Companies which pride themselves on environmental stewardship and thoughtful cargon of the environment whitethorn expend blue jet procurement, among many a nonher(prenominal) tactics, to come across that they do business in an environmentally responsible way. A number of aspects of the procurement mould may be adjusted to meet a explosive charge of environmental sustainability (Williams, 2000). Within a procurement office, green procurement hindquarters involve changes in office procedures which atomic number 18 designed to benefit the environment.For example, rather than having hoi polloi submit purchase orders and requests on paper, the procurement office might switch to electronic methods of communication so that paper is non vauntd. The office might as well engage in environmentally friendly activities like reducing energy usage, moderateing jut fall outts around the office to improve air quality, or purchase vitamin C paper offsets to compensate for office energy usage. During the procurement process, green procurement involves undertakeing kayoed products which ar manufactured sustainably (Williams, 2000).On a simple level, green procurement can push companies to stress come on office supplies make from environmental products, or products made by companies which be committed to environmental stewardship. The office might likewise demand nominal advan cement on the products it orders, look for products moved with bio-diesel, seek out manufacturing facilities which bear environmental affirmations, or indicate to potential vendors that it would prefer products from companies which are committed to minimizing waste and benefiting the environment.Procuring products which are environmentally responsible can be a challenging occupation both in the scheme and the procurement officers. going green can make your products more attractive to queen-size buyers and consumers, conden se waste disposal and operating tolls, and benefactor you comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations (Alsop and Post, 1995). On the other hand building environmental concerns into procurement might seem only to add to your costs, force you to buy products of inferior quality and cost you time and effort.There are a number of obstacles for implementing green procurement programs and this imply, lack of readily available environmental friendly products, zero or expensive environmental alternatives, inaccurate studies, lack of organizational support and inaccurate or unsupported environmental claims by the manufacturers and suppliers. Others are legislation, organizational policies, and directives, environmental centering systems or multi askant consortments often require organizations to implement a green procurement program (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001).Labeling and certification requirements vary, so a green procurement officer may hypothesizi ng that he or she is doing the right thing by procuring a product which bears a green label and later learn that the product is not more environmentally responsible than that of a competitor, even though it is more expensive. Good procurement officers go away investigate their sources with care, taking the time to confirm that the claims made by a play on are accurate and comparing entropy from different sources to see which vendor is the best (Alsop and Post, 1995).Companies which engage in green procurement processes may be eligible for environmental certification, formal recognition from the brass, and other perks. Projecting a sustainable image can also be a priceless marketing tool which a company may use to get an edge on the competition. Environmental advocates also point out that as more and more companies demand green procurement, the market for environmentally sustainable products expands, making them cheaper and easier to obtain.These advocates hope to see green pro curement becoming the norm, rather than an unusual detail (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001). 1. 1. 1 The Kenyan Cement Industries The major cement manufacturing industries in Kenya are, the East African Portland Cement and Bamburi Cement. Bamburi Cement Ltd. was founded in 1951 by Felix Mandl a director of Cementia holding A. G. Zurich. Cementia later went into partnership with Blue Circle PLC (UK). In 1989, Lafarge, the worlds largest building materials group, acquired Cementia, and thus became an equal shareholder with Blue Circle.Lafarge bought Blue Circle in 2001 to become the largest building materials company in the world and Bamburi Cement Limited principle shareholder. Bamburi Cement is the largest cement manufacturing company in the region and its Mombasa plant is the second largest cement plant in sub-Saharan Africa. It is also one of the largest manufacturing export earners in Kenya, exporting 28 per cent of its production in 1998. Export markets include Reu nion, Uganda and Mayotte (Coito, 2004).The East African Portland Cement Company (EAPCC) started as a trading company importing cement mainly from England for first construction work in East Africa. It was formed by Blue Circle Industries United Kingdom. The name Portland was coursen receivable to the resemblance in color of set cement to the Portland pock that was mined on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. For more than 70 years, East African Portland Cement Company has been Kenyas leading cement manufacturer. By providing the toneblood of the countrys construction industry, the company has played a central role in nation building.The EAPCC has greatly expanded its production capacity with the introduction of Mill No. 5 and at present produces over 1. 3 million tonnes of cement per annum (Detwiler and Tennis, 1996). 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Sustainability in procurement is a growing business and social phenomenon, as organizations around the world attempt to align t heir operations with their sustainability priorities, whether to source ethically, reduce their environmental effect or to support their host communities.All kinds of organizations are being move up in these developments, including local and central governments, public sector institutions, non-profit organizations and businesses large and small. This naturally has a cascading effect on suppliers who need to anticipate these marketplace changes in order to meet the evolving requirements of their clients (Alsop and Pos, 1995). The Kenyan cement industry has not been left behind either. with with(predicate) the Kyoto protocol, the government has set up policies and regulations which must(prenominal) be adhered to by the players in the industries including cement manufacturing industries. The process of cement manufacturing involves a long process and combinations of materials whose by products are released into the environment. This poses a great challenge and threat to environment al sustainability especially to the mickle around the factories and the workers in the industries (Terra, 2007). tally to Coito, (2004), through the Kyoto protocol, the government has set up standards for environmental sustainability practises to ensure that the operations of the industries do not interfere with the environment around them, however, due to the nature of the cement manufacturing industries, they pose a greater risk to the environment and this calls for a critical sagacity on how the practice of green procurement is carried out in these industries. As the gap between green procurement and the work activities of institutions continue to widen significantly it poses a major challenge to the sustainability of the environment.The interrogationers have been propel to carry out this research in order to reduce this disparity by encouraging the society to learn on the repair of the green procurement. Through green procurement the end products of an organization are envi ronmentally friendly to the consumers, the cost of production is reduced hence higher profits to the organization and cheaper prices to the consumers, the products are of high quality and the consumers of such products are satisfied, however due to the nature of the cement production, his becomes a big challenge to the organizations and therefore it calls for a critical understanding on how the practise is carried out in these industries and how it affects their products. The study intends to find says to the following(a) questions do the cement manufacturing industries practise green procurement? What is the impact of green procurement on the organizational functioning? 1. 3 Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study include i.To establish the extent to which the procurement staff within the cement manufacturing industries appreciate the concept of green procurement. ii. To investigate how green procurement is carried out by the procurement officers in cement manufactu ring industries. iii. To establish the impact of green procurement on the performance of the organizations. 1. 4 Significance of the Study The Procurement officers The study depart enable the procurers to appreciate green procurement as a current practise which must be given keen attention and carried in a way that ensures environmental sustainability.The procurers go forth find this study important especially those who do not have the green procurement competence and hence seek for further information to enable them execute the practise without difficulties. Organizations management Through this study, the managers allow be enlightened on the impact of green procurement its benefits and impacts to the organizations and the law, so as to plan and incorporate it in the organizations plans. This will ensure that such organizations carry out their procurement process in a way which shows concern for environmental sustainability.The Government The study will help the government in ev aluating the practise of green procurement in the industries, whether the cement industries are adhering to the set regulations and rules. This will be a benchmark for the government to assess the set down rules and the level of residency by the industries. The Academicians This study will form a basis for further studies on green procurement and add onto the existing writings on procurement and environmental sustainability. 1. 5 Justification for the StudyIn the cement manufacturing process in the industry, the product goes through sundry(a) stages before the production of the final product. Throughout the product living cycle (PLC), the industry has many potential environmental impacts and it must deal with restoring exhausted limestone quarries, minimizing wastes, reducing emission of carbon dioxide and impacts from dust and traffic or other air pollutants such as NOx and SOx which are mainly emitted in process of energy consumption in baking of cement. Therefore, the industr y must bid a mechanism of dealing with the waste in a responsible and acceptable manner.This is why the researchers have come up with this study so as to assess how the cement industries apply the green procurement policies regardless of the type of operations they carry out. 1. 6 Scope of the study The study will concentrate on on the impact of green procurement on the cement manufacturing industries. It will be carried out in Blue Triangle and Bamburi cement Athi River. The study will target the procurement departments within the two organizations. The respondents for the study will be drawn from the employees working in those departments. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 IntroductionThe chapter reviews the literature related to green procurement, its importance and impact on the organization that carry out the process. 2. 1 The concept of green procurement Green Procurement can be stated as the procurement of products and services which are environmentally friendly. The prod ucts or services procured should have a lower impact on the environment over their whole life cycle than the standard equivalent. It involves the integration of environmental issues, such as pollution prevention and reduction of waste into procurement decisions along with traditional factors such as price, performance and quality (Williams, 2000).Green Procurement entails practices which encourage suppliers to safeguard the environment by producing goods or offering services that do not harm the environment or lead to heavy use of resources such as energy when being utilize (Williams, 2000). These practices include use of products made using recycled materials, use of energy efficient or low energy-consuming products, procuring products that use alternative fuel for example solar, bio-diesel, and ethanol, use of bio-degradable materials and use of non-ozone layer depleting substances (Perry and Singh, 2002). . 2 Appreciation of Green Procurement in the Cement Industry Sustainable procurement is a growing global trend. Increasingly businesses, governments, non-profit and other organizations are integrating social and environmental objectives into the procurement process as a means to reduce their environmental effects, leverage social benefits and foster a sustainable economy for example green procurement has increased in North America (US, Canada and Mexico) in the last three years, as reported in the 2007 and 2008 Eco Markets studies, (Terra, 2007).In Europe, membership of the Buy-It-Green Network has seen its membership of government procurers more than double from 1997 to 2001 and more than triple since 2001. This is an indicator of the growth in green procurement within Europes government sector. A 2005 surveil of 25 EU member states was conducted in which government procurement agencies were assessed to determine the effectiveness of their green procurement programs. The study evaluated 1,099 tender documents and surveyed 865 procurers and found that while 67% identified themselves as green procurers, only 37% had green procurement programs in place (Terra, 2007).In the period 1900-2004, the whole of Africa was responsible for 2. 5% of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions whilst the US accounted for 29. 5%. In 2007, Indias per capita carbon dioxide emissions were 1. 4 metric tonnes per annum against 19. 3 tonnes in the US. Although these gaps are narrowing, historic emissions are relevant because carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere to exert a greenhouse effect for many decades. All judgements of vulnerability to climate change concur that the countries most seriously threatened are those which carry the least historical responsibility (Perry and Singh, 2002).The Kyoto Protocol was negotiated in 1997 as a supplement to the Framework Convention on Climate Change and ultimately ratified in February 2005. Richer countries, known as Annex 1 countries, are subject to legally binding targets for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. In aggregate, these seek a 5% reduction in the 1990 level of global emissions before the end of a first commitment period in 2012. However, the calculation excludes emissions from melodic phrase and shipping and there has been no contribution from the US which refused to ratify the Protocol.Furthermore, several countries, including Canada and Japan, have blatantly disregarded their Kyoto commitments (Terra, 2007). The poorest countries now find themselves in an impossible position. They unanimously favour continuity of the Kyoto Protocol as the only currently available means of binding the big polluting countries to their promises. But if they refuse to compromise, they may be accuse of collapsing the UN process which is the only international forum in which poor countries have an equal voice (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). . 3 Green Procurement Practises in the Cement Industry Suppliers are demand to provide proof of their commitment to environmental protection. This may tak e the form of statements on the steps they are taking to reduce their impact on environment, or alternatively to demonstrate that they are not in breach of any statutory requirements relating to the environment. In addition, suppliers should consider the environmental impact of their products through the whole life cycle, from cradle to grave.Today, environmental procurement is an increasingly important issue and decision-making tool for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries and economies in transition. It can be ignored by an enterprise only at peril to its long-term survival (Coito, 2004). Every product, process and service has an impact upon the environment. Using life cycle thinking can help our understanding of the types and degree of impacts and where they occur. Life cycle thinking can also provide information on how changes made in a particular stage of the life cycle affects impacts upstream or downstream.For example, the highest impacts of cemen t products occur in the extraction of raw materials while for others it is during their use or disposal when higher environmental impacts occur. Taking a life cycle perspective can also illustrate the benefits of collecting and recycling packaging materials instead of sending them to landfill the recycled can replace the need to use virgin materials (Detwiler and Tennis, 1996). On a simple level, green procurement can push companies to seek out office supplies made from environmental products, or products made by companies which are committed to environmental stewardship.The office might also demand minimal packaging on the products it orders, look for products moved with bio-diesel, seek out manufacturing facilities which bear environmental certifications, or indicate to potential vendors that it would prefer products from companies which are committed to minimizing waste and benefiting the environment (Roth et al, 2002). Before a green procurement program can be implemented, curre nt procurement practices and policies must be reviewed and assessed.A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of products or services is required and a set of environmental criteria against which procurement and contract decisions are made has to be demonstrable. The outcome is a regularly reviewed green procurement policy that is integrated into other organisational plans, programs, and policies. A green procurement policy includes date-stamped priorities and targets, the assignment of responsibilities and accountability and a communication and promotion plan (Roth et al, 2002). 2. The Impact of Green Procurement on the Performance of the Organization The environmental impacts over the life cycle of products are a simple concept to understand. essentially the diverse environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, water use, air pollution, non renewable resource material use, chemical emissions and waste amounts are measures along the life of a product through a quantification methodology and accumulated. This quantification supplys the results to visually represented delivering guidance for procurers that seek to compare different products (Nik et al, 2008).Green procurement policies and programs can reduce expenditure and waste increase resource efficiency and influence production, markets, prices, available services and organisational behaviour. They can also assist countries in meeting multi-lateral requirements such as the Kyoto Protocol and Rotterdam Convention. International Standards Organisation and other bodies have established guidelines for green procurement programs (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). Environmental procurement reduces your costs.Some costs in procurement are megascopic price transport etc. Others are invisible losses due to inefficient use of resources product liability and the like. Environmental procurement can help reduce overall costs for the curt, medium and long term by introducing a life-cycle per spective. Compliance with regulations environmental procurement helps you meet regulations. Adopting the approach at an early stage can help your enterprise meet progressively stricter environmental regulations at a lower overall cost.Environmental procurement can help you keep footmark with consumers preferences. The demand for environmentally safe products is being increasingly felt in developing countries and transition economies as well as in developed countries (Worrell, Martin, Hendriks and Meida, 2001). In sum environmental procurement improves your overall competitiveness. Applying environmental procurement can improve your enterprises strategic position in the market, whether domestic or international. Green procurement steams from pollution prevention principles and activities.Also known as green or environmental purchasing, green procurement compares price, technology, quality and the environmental impact of the product, service or contract. Green procurement policies are applicable to all organisations, regardless of size. Green procurement programs may be as simple as procuring renewable energy or recycled office paper or more involved such as setting environmental requirements for suppliers and contractors (Tokyo, Worrell and Galitsky, 2004). 2. 5. Conceptual framework dactyl 1. 1 Conceptual framework Dependent variable Independent variablesGreen procurement is a fundamental environmental concern that every procurement officer is required to embrace so as to be able procure goods and service that are environmental friendly or procure from suppliers who are environmental conscious about the effect of their products on the environmental sustainability. Appreciation of green procurement by the procurement officers helps in studying the environment under which the organizations operates and therefore buying their products from suppliers who show concern for the environmental well being.The process of green procurement in the industry takes many different forms but the most important is how it is through with(p) in the cement industry. The procurement officer in a cement industry must be able to buy products which are acceptable to environment due to the nature of the cement industry the products bought should be able to reduce its effect on the environment. Green procurement has several impacts on the performance of the procurement officers they are able to purchase goods which promote environment sustainability to the people around them hence promoting a positive social cohabitation and re amazeation of the organization.Green procurement directly affects the end product i. e. the final product becomes competitive in the market. This greatly improves the performance of the procurement officers in the organization. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 0 Introduction This chapter presents the various steps that will facilitate the execution of the study to satisfy the objectives of this study. These steps include the resea rch design, population of interest, sampling and sampling techniques, info collection instruments and procedures and data analysis. 3. 1 Research DesignThe design of this study is based on survey research of cement industries in Kenya, which will be used mainly because the design is useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. The research design allows the use of various methods of data collection like questionnaire, interview methods and observation guides. 3. 2 Target Population The study will target two cement industries that East African Portland Cement (EAPC) and Bamburi Cement (BC). The respondent will be drawn from the legislate management and the procurement department from these organizations as shown in table 3. below. Table 3. 1 Target Population and Sample Size Target PopulationPopulation EstimateSample SizePercentage (%) Top oversight (CEO or MD) from BC1 1100 Top Management ( CEO or MD) from EAPC1 1100 Procurement Manager (BC)11100 Procurement Ma nager (EAPC) 11100 Procurement department (BC) 501020 Procurement department (EAPC) 501020 Total1042423 Source Authors 2011 According to Table 3. 1 the target population of the study includes the procurement department (100 officers) and the management (4) therefore the total target population is 104 respondents.Under the management category the study will target the top management of the organizations the CEO or MD (2) or the representative because they are the ones who make decision on policies regarding the operations of the organization and the procurement managers or their deputies (2). 3. 3 Sampling and Sample techniques A sample is a smaller group or sub-group obtained from the accessible population (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). This subgroup is carefully selected to be representative of the whole population with the relevant characteristics.The total sample size for this study is 24 (n=24) as shown in table 3. 1 supra. The sample size is convenient to handle due to time cons trains. The sampling technique to be used is simple random to pick respondent for the study from the target population. 3. 4 Data Collection Instruments These are the data collection instruments to be used in the process of data collection. They will be questionnaires and this will be used to collect data from all the respondents. The questionnaires, will be used for the following reasons a) can reach a large number of respondents within a short ime, b) gives the respondents adequate time to respond to the items, c) offers a sense of security (confidentiality) to the respondents, and d) tends to be objective since no bias resulting from the personal characteristics (as in interview). There will be two sets of questionnaires which will have a number of sub-sections that will be sub-divided based on the major research objectives or questions except the first sub-section (section A) that is meant to set out the demographic characteristics of the participants like sex, marital status, age, working experience, and level of education. 3. Data Collection Procedure The authority to conduct the study in the organizations will be obtained from the management through a personal letter of request from the researchers and an introduction letter from the department to show that these are genuine students from the University of Nairobi. The selected respondents will be given the questionnaires to fill. The researchers will then pick them thereafter at an agreed time. The researchers will make sure that they observe all the ethical consideration in the research and the respondents will be assured of confidentiality 3. 6 Data AnalysisThe collected data will be analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative data will be organized and then coded accordingly using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Excel. Descriptive analysis such as frequencies, mean and percentages will be used to present the data in form of tables and graphs. This will in volve coding both open and closed cease items in order to obtain simple descriptive analyses to get reports on data status. The study has three objectives. The questionnaire has been designed according to these objectives and it contains both open and closed ended questions.The close ended questions have been rated using the likert scale where the respondents will be required to select the answers from the ones given in the questionnaire while the open end will require the respondents to give their own views depending on the questions asked. After that data collection it will be in a qualitative form. This will be quantified by coding the data using SPSS to generate tables, graphs, charts for interpretation. The data analysis will be done according to the objectives of the study from where conclusions will be made for each objective. REFERENCES Alsop, P. A. and J. W. Post. 995. The Cement botany Operations Handbook, (First edition). Tradeship Publications Ltd. , Dorking UK. Blume nthal, M. 2004. Scrap Tires Fuel U. S. Cement Industry. Cement Americas July 2004. Boustead I. 2001. Who Gets the Credit? Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels. Coito, F. 2004 (draft). Industrial Case Study The Cement Industry. Prepared by KEMA Xenergy with tending from Lawrence Berkeley interior(a) Laboratory. Oakland, Calif. Detwiler, R. J. , and P. D. Tennis. 1996. The Use of Limestone in Portland cement A State-of-the- Art Review. Skokie, Ill Portland cements Association.Goh, Eng Ann, Zailani, Suhaiza, & Wahid, Nabsiah Abd. (2006). A study on the impact of environmental management system (EMS) certification towards firms performance in Malaysia. Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal. Kaantee, U. , Zevenhoven, R. , Backman, R. & Hupa, M.. (2002). Cement manufacturing using alternative fuels and the advantages of process modeling. Presented at R2002 Recovery, Recycling, Re-integration, Geneva. Kitazawa, S. & Sarkis, J.. (2000). The rela tionship between ISO 14001 and invariable source reduction programs. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 20(2), 225-248.Kvist, S. , Pongracz, E. & Keiski, R. L.. (2005), ISO 14001 and waste minimization in metallurgy industry. Proceedings of the RESOPT closing seminar Waste minimization and utilisation in Oulu region Drivers and constraints, Oulu Oulu University Press. Martin Perry & Sanjeev Singh. (2001). Corporate environmental responsibility The potential and limits of voluntary initiatives. engineering science, Business and Society Program Paper Number 3, April 2001. Geneva. Mugenda an Mugenda, A. G (1999) Research Methods Quantitative and qualitative Approaches Nairobi Acts Press Nik Ramli Nik Abdul Rashid, Nabsiah Abdul Wahid & Norizan Mat Saad. 2008). Expanding the scope of education for sustainable development among employees of organizations involved in the implementation of the environmental management system. The 12th UNESCO-Asia-Pacific Progr am of educational Innovation for Development (APEID). Bangkok. Perry, M. & Singh, S.. (2002), Corporate environmental responsibility In Utting, P. (Ed. ). The greening of business in developing countries Rhetoric, reality, and prospects. London Zed Press, 97-131. Porter, M. E. & van der Linde, C.. (1995). Green and competitive Ending the stalemate. Harvard Business Review, 73(5), 120-129 Portland cements Association (PCA). 997. Blended Cement Potential Study. Skokie, Ill. Portland cements Association. Roth, K. , F. Goldstein, and J. Kleinman. 2002. brawniness Consumption by Office and Telecommunications Equipment in Commercial BuildingsVolume I Energy Consumption Baseline. Washington, D. C. Tokyo. Worrell, E. , and C. Galitsky. 2004. Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Berkeley, California Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. United States Census. 2005d. 2002 Economic Census, Industry S eries Reports Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing.Washington, D. C. U. S. Census. Williams E. 2000. Global Production Chains and Sustainability The Case of High-Purity Silicon and its Applications in Information Technology and Renewable Energy. United Nations University, APPENDICES Appendix I Introduction Letter The Chief Executive Officer/ Managing Director East African Portland Cement/ Bamburi Cement P. O Box Athi River Dear Sir/Madam, RE A SURVEY ON THE IMPACT GREEN PROCUREMENT IN THE CEMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN KENYA. As mentioned above we are conducting as survey on the impact of green procurement in the cement industries in Kenya.Your organization has been targeted for the study therefore, we are kindly requesting you to allow us obtain the relevant data. The respondents will be the CEO/MD or his representative and others will be picked from the procurement department. This study is being carried out as a requirement in partial fulfillment of the award of a de gree in management research project Bachelor of Commerce, University of Nairobi. A copy of this research will be submitted to you upon request. Your positive response will be highly appreciated. Thanking you in advance. Yours Faithfully, Appendix II Research Questionnaire We are students from the University of Nairobi. As part of the course work in our undergraduate program, we are carrying out a survey on the impact of green procurement in the cement industry in Kenya. We kindly request that you provide information as required by the questionnaire in the study. Any information that you will provide will be kept confidential and will be used only for the study and the results then availed to the interested parties afterwards. Part A Demographic InformationPlease put a tick (v) in the brackets next to the right response 1. Indicate your organization a) East African Portland Cement b) Bamburi Cement 2. Indicate your gender a)Male b)Female 3. Your Department, . 4. What is yo ur job cognomen? Part B 1. Appreciation of Green Procurement Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 powerfully agree (SA), 2 agree (A), 3 strongly disagree (SD), 4 disagree (D), 5 not sure (NS).State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on your level of appreciation of green procurement in your organization. ActivitySAASDDNS It is important to think twice before buying supplies that are environmentally unsustainable Environmental procurement means systematically building environmental considerations into your everyday procurement decision-making and operations Its objective is to help you procure the most suitable and environmentally preferable product that meets your enterprises needs.I appreciate the ISO standards which requires companies to incorporate environmental considerations into their procurement procedures It involves ensuring the improvement of the suppliers environmental performance Due to green procurement increasing number of products that are unhealthful to the environment (especially chemicals) have been banned by international conventions and treaties Harmful products and technologies, risks to the health of the environment and of the population Due to pressure from consumers, various countries have started to put forward restrictions on importing certain consumer goodsAny other, pardon .. To what extent do you appreciate green procurement as part of your responsibilities in the organization. . 2. How Green Procurement is carried out in the Organization Please put a tick (v) in the brackets next to the right response a)Do you practise green procurement? Yes No b)If yes how do you do it? Explain, .. . 3. Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 strongly agree (SA), 2 agree (A), 3 strongly disagree (SD), 4 disagree (D), 5 not sure (NS).State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on the considerations during green procurement Considerations SAADSDNS Procurement officers have to ask themselves questions such as whether a product is based on resources from environmentally sensitive bases (including regions with fragile ecosystems, rare woods or endangered animals). If a product has a percentage of recycled materials rather than relying on virgin materials. If the production process involves a high level of wastage.Companies should look for products with reduced wastage levels achieved through use of more appropriate materials or better technologies. The life-cycle approach seeks solutions that reduce negative harmful impacts and costs to the environment. This can mean avoiding restricted or banned substances, non-degradable materials and packaging prone to leakages in transit. An analysis of purchased items can show what the critical needs are for the enterprise to operate international. Any other, please explain .. 4. Impact of Green Procurement on the Organization Use the likert scale to answer the questions below. 1 strongly agree (SA), 2 agree (A), 3 strongly disagree (SD), 4 disagree (D), 5 not sure (NS). State the extent to which you agree with the following statements based on the impact of green procurement ImpactSAASDDNS Consider environmental issues in procurement to reduce total costs Makes your enterprise more competitive.Building environmental concerns into procurement adds to your costs, force you to buy products of inferior quality and cost you time and effort Going green can make your products more attractive to big buyers and consumers reduce waste disposal and operating costs. Help you comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Environmental procurement can help you keep pace with consumers preferences Applying environmental procurement can improve your enterprises strategic position in the market, whether domestic or international.It encourages continuous improvement in products and services Promotes sustainable development in the organization Any others, please explain, . ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Thank you for your cooperation END Appendix III BudgetItemsAmount (Ksh. ) 1. Stationary (Photocopying papers and writing materials) 15,000 2. Telephone calls 5,000 3. enthrall and movement 5,000 4. Binding and Photocopying 15,000 Total 40,000 Appendix IV Time Schedule Time (Month/Activity)Jan 2011 Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Topic search and approval and material collection Pre-visiting the research area. Proposal writing and defense Data collection and analysis. Report writing and defense Final drafting and submission of the research paper

Theoretical Application

There is a criminal phenomenon that has been under persisting study by criminologists and has also pre-occupied the Statesn society, criminal gangs. When the general public thinks of the term gangs, the thought inevitably evokes feelings and images predominately associated with criminal activity that aids to the dilapidation of their atomic number 18as and neighborly settings. The term gangs and the crime associated are much viewed differently by the media and law enforcement personnel and even more distinctively by politicians.There is teeny-weeny debate that understanding what a gang is or is not facilitates the identification of variant slips of gangs and subsequently aids in developing policies and tactics for communities to address their gang problems. These problems associated with the criminal phenomenon of gang activity range from fiddling thefts and graffiti tagging to drug use, distri yetion and homicide. The ailments to a neighborhood caused and/or associated with gang activity are of a amic able-bodied disorder that is no longer considered a localized issue. clusters have become broadly interconnected with separate chapters across the United States and even have a presence transnationally. Gangs are a criminological problem because the dilemmas of gang activity have grown beyond large cities and urban environments and set a home also in smaller cities and suburban life. According to an FBI study, criminal gangs commit as much as 80 percent of the crime in many communities and gang members are migrating from urban areas to suburban and rural communities, expanding the gangs influence in most regions (2009 National Gang Threat Assessment).The various criminal street gangs in the United States range from small neighborhood-oriented short units to much larger international and commercial gang oriented establishments. Gangs present a nationwide problem and the related issues are magnified by the continuous recruitment of local y proscribedh in to gangs which are transnational and internationally based. Many suburban and rural communities are facing an increase in criminal acts attributed to gangs and their nimble influence on the kindly structure of the neighborhoods they reside in.Los Angeles is one such city that has long been plagued by the presence of criminal gangs. In 1993, gang members were refer as suspects or victims in about one-third of all homicides and historically, between 1980 and 1989, the homicide rate in Los Angeles was more than double the rate for the State of California (Meehan and OCarroll). Los Angeles has been a focal point for many studies conducted regarding the phenomenon of gang activity. As noted, the gang phenomenon has been a focal study of criminological researchers.Various research theories have been busy in an attempt to identify social origins and the implications of gang activity. There is an abundance of facts that pertain to gang crime and the related byproduct of this type of cri minal activity. and what are the explanation(s) as to how and why these facts became measurable and accountable? In other words, what are possible causes and explanations to the creation and survival of gangs and its members respectively?Many different scientific theories could be employed to propose answers about the relationships between observable events in gang phenomena. To provide an explanation to this phenomenon, a review of gang related issues found in Celeste Fremans G-Dog and the domicilboys is coupled with the contention that such issues are the result of a cultural imbalance between the socially accepted pursuit of wealthiness and the less desired value of hard work, honesty, and education. Such an explanation is most appropriately found when applying the criminology based Strain possibility.This theory is derived from exploring the social structures in America and the accompanying opportunities available to pursue socially supported norms like the pursuit of wealth or stipulation, often referred to as the American Dream. Ultimately, the result on individuals to meet wealth or status creates undue stress propelling both(prenominal) to seek results through non-institutionalized means. This is a practice and a sub-culture that is readily accepted indoors gang phenomenon. The Strain Theory, originally presented by Robert K.Merton, has been used in various studies to support the premise that the American Dream concept and the pressure to achieve some resemblance of it serves as a causation of crime. It is not uncommon to see reporting of individuals resulting to un ceremonious means like crime to obtain what they cannot through conventional means. The Strain Theory makes an effort to justify factors found in low-income and industrial neighborhoods. It presents these factors as barriers to prospect and directly attributes them to crime and the formation of gangs.The Strain Theory is authority of the Positivist School of Criminology thought and supposes actions are observable and not socially created. Strain Theory consists of elements from social disorganization and an individual lack of norms, termed anomie. The social disorganization and anomie theories are derived from different research platforms but all have common arguments. The proposed thought is that the less in that respect exists of solidarity, cohesion, or integration within a group, community or society, the higher will be crime, the rate of crime, and deviance (Akers and Sellers).What drives someone to commit such unconventional acts in pursuit of wealth or status? Mertons position concerning an individual pursuing non-institutional means is derived from a persons attitude toward the pursuit of cultural goals such as wealth and status. Merton presented manners that an individual may resort to from undergoing business caused by the limited regain to resources posited to obtain these institutional goals. The way an individual responds or the adaptive man ners is dependent on their acceptance or rejection toward social goals, the American Dream and status, and the opportunity available to attain them.Not having available resources and opportunity will directly attribute to gang association and membership recruitment. A study of Strain Theory regarding attributing factors of gang membership identified the stigma of poverty status to have a positive effect on gang membership and may even aid to the perception of obstruct opportunities (Vowell and May). A neighborhood that is ripe with social problems, low income housing, and little opportunity offers a higher potential for juvenile delinquency and assimilation of like minds such as gangs. severalize to this is noted in the study of Strain Theory which found evidence that living in a neighborhood where social problems and physical deterioration were perceive to be a problem and was positively related to delinquency. Additionally, this study noted that general filtrate leads to delin quent involvement by weakening the conventional social bond and strengthening the unconventional bond with delinquent peers (Paternoster and Mazerolle). This presents the likelihood of individuals finding similar non-institutional means to obtain social goals from gang membership.Gangs do offer companionship of non-institutional means and in many cases offer the peer support to an individual pursing what they desire, often it is a derivative of the American Dream. The Strain Theory provides a pat reason why most crime is fixated in certain areas of urban cities, supported by the assertion that social culture and structure must be weighed as equal parts. The theory by Merton emphasizes that society places more importance on the success of an individual achieving wealth or status than on the socially accepted means by which this success is obtained.All classes of American society have been inundated through the media, politics, education, and marketing that success is the most impor tant social value. Yet, the opportunities to attain this success are limited in the lowborn of society and thus provide a breeding ground for gang creation and advancement. When these opportunities are pursued, they are expected to be sought out in truthful and socially accepted ways. Unfortunately for our society, more emphasis is placed on obtaining the American Dream and the success of wealth than the manner in which it is accomplished.There is a dominant belief in the American Dream or social status and this belief is one that encompasses all classes of society. However, equal opportunity, the socially recognized need to attain the American Dream or status is unfortunately distorted among the lower-class of society. There is an outcry from these citizens who consider resources available to capture their goals as distorted when compared to other classes creating a springboard of stress.Even though all citizens of our society look at and measure their success by obtaining some p ortion of the wealth and status, some are not provided the standard resources to meet the expectations demanded to acquire it. Building on the strain theory, Albert K. Cohen pursued a position where male deviant behavior was in response to blocked opportunities and was an assimilating attribute of the lower-class subculture produced from social structure strain (Vowell, & May). The deviance provoked behavior was due to the inability to gain social prominence.This is similar to Mertons variation of Strain. However, Merton centered on material wealth preferably than a position in society or status. Middle-class citizens are accepted and supported in work and education environments because of they typically are able to meet social expectations required of them for status or of wealth. Unlike the middle-class, the lower-class populous finds it difficult to meet socially accepted standards due to the limited main course to available resources and result to deviant behavior.This is often materialized by the formation and acceptance into the social subculture of gangs where the rejected find common ideology and share in access to unconventional means such as crime. It is in this subculture of gangs that the unconventional measure to achieve a certain status or respect is found. The Strain Theory proposed that the deviant assimilation is carried out by identifying the opportunities that are also legal means, not just the illegal ones.In essence, the premise is made that an individual is not driven to conduct criminal behavior solely by the singular desire to acquire wealth or status but also there is a learned behavior of criminal means and acts derived from the social environment they are reside in and ultimately exposed to. This can be expounded on within a gang environment producing criminal acts of different sorts to foster the pursuit of status and wealth. As attended, the issues of gang activity in Los Angeles present an overpowering constraint on positive so cial development brought on by criminal activity.The criminal acts carried out by the likes of gang members within the Los Angeles neighborhoods highlighted in G-Dog and the Home Boys are a result of the absent non-supportive family structure needed. Employment opportunities, when provided by experience Greg (G-Dog), are ridden with social hurdles. To even pursue the opportunity, they must first scheme beyond the concrete island their gang resides on and trespass into those areas marked as enemy territory. Such enormous impediments can seem overwhelming and result in an individual retreating into the fold of his better half homies, dismissing the potential of an opportunity.This hurdle is secondary to the perceived reprisal waiting in the wings of the Los Angeles Police Department and the subsequent sentiment fellow gang members have of abandonment. The various gangs, primarily Clarence Street Locos, viewed by Fremont over the shoulder of Father Greg all were comprised of members who were predominately juvenile, from a broken or deteriorating family structure, out of or were recoiling from school and education, jobless and possessed little belief in the prospect of a future without the support of their fellow gang members.Whether the einsteinium L. A. Dukes, Capones, The Mob Crew, East Coast Crips or another Latino or African American gang, the predominant make-up of its membership were part of an unskilled and poor community look for for a sense of belonging and a way for survival. Members like Dreamer, Turtle, Ghost, Droopy, Ghost, Oso, Silent, and so forth , all battled a daily routine of gang life in and out of the projects. Members of the community of gang ridden neighborhoods of Pico Gardens and Aliso Village had little to offer its inhabitants. These predominately Latino immigrant ommunities possessed little in way of educational or employment opportunities. There were little options for jobs and instead the community youth found themselves marketi ng the gang arenas for membership. Most of the Clarence Street gang members became role models for their siblings and continuously offered veterano advice for participating in gang life. This type of life was all that seemed to be obtainable, due in no small part to the lack of opportunities. This then became the only way they knew to get what they wanted in life.The lack of opportunity is magnified without a solid role model and father figure in their home. This was a constant variable throughout the insights tranquil by Freeman provided by individual gang members. When there was a father figure present, it was one that showed little compassion or even rice beer into their life. The lifestyle as a gang member was the opportunity that was available to them and is what filled the void of family and acceptance. Their daily struggle is evident in the simple but deadly decisions they had to make visible in determining a roundabout path to a party or through an enemys territory.The hom icides that occur, the decisions to charge back, the dishonorable choices made when confronted by another gang, the fear of police, the need to find employment, the hopelessness of education, the constrained choices to sleep in cars or homeless shelters, etc. , all are attributing factors of stress that result from a lack of opportunity when pursuing a life of normalcy. Gangs come into existence and flourish because the needs of the unseasoned people in a neighborhood or culture or family are not being met.The gang, in essence, fills the void (Gardner). The American Dream and the need for status present the same needs often sought after by unconventional means through gang activity. No doubt Father Gregs commitment witnessed by his numerous attempts to help over and over again through mental and economic support created opportunities otherwise unavailable. Not to mention his eventual creation of Homeboy Industries and the overwhelming economic advantage it offered in reducing nega tive employment and neighborhood induced stress.Gang Phenomenon is a socially adaptive instrument that offers the mechanism to fill the needs, such as the wealth and status, of the deprived juveniles. The gang and its members discussed in G-Dog and the Home Boys sought nontraditional means that were socially insufferable but filled the emptiness caused by the lack of opportunities in the lower-class communities they resided in. As long as there is apparent or perceived blocked opportunities and unequal resources in the lower-class, gangs and their related criminal activity will be a continuing issue for America.BIBLIOGRAPHY Akers, Robert, & C. S Sellers. (2009). Criminological Theories, Introduction, Evaluation and Application. raw(a) York Oxford University Press. Fremon, Celeste. (2004) G-Dog and the Homeboys Father Greg Boyle and the Gangs of East Los Angeles. University of New Mexico Press. Gardner, Sandra. (1992). Street Gangs in America. Franklin Watts, New York, NY. Meehan, P atrick and Patrick OCarroll. (1992). Gangs, Drugs, and Homicide in Los Angeles. American Journal of Diseases of Children 146.Paternoster, Raymond and Paul Mazerolle. (1994). General Strain Theory and wickedness A Replication and Extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Volume 31. The National Gang Intelligence Center. (2009). Product No. 2009-M0335-001. National Gang Threat Assessment. Vowell, Paul and David May. (2000). Another Look at Classic Strain Theory Poverty Status, Perceived Blocked Opportunity, and Gang Membership as Predictors of teen Violent Behavior. Sociological Inquiry. Volume 70.

Supporting A Family

Due to the present economy, individuals must have a varied career in order to support their families in a higher place the poverty line. While this can provide an individual with a stressful existence it also provides them with the ability to become a stronger person from within. Companies are resorting to parttime employees in order to cut overhead costs. With a company resorting to part-time proles they can cut the cost of having benefits as well as lower wages. For the role player this begins a long week of working up to seven days just to obtain the typical 40 hours.This is an exhausting endeavor. This increases the amount of time a child must spend in daycare which in turn increases the costs concerned with the day care center. The parent feels that they are almost continuously on the go just to support their family. Unfortunately this takes time away from the family. It also increases the family cost, as they must shoulder the burden of paying for medical and dental consona nt costs. A positive aspect to having a varied career is the learned ability to become competent in many positions.This allows the individual a wider commit in possible jobs. From a personal viewpoint this can and will provide the individual with a greater self-worth. Sometimes this inability to obtain stable work with result in an individual going back to school. This would be to obtain the necessary degree that would result in a better or more secure employment position. I am personally in this category. I have decided after 10 years of being in the work world to return to school. During those 10 years I worked at least 5 different jobs.This was defiantly not rewarding to my self-esteem and to my family as they have had to cope with poverty. I have returned to school so that I may provide my family with enough funds to raise them above the poverty level and to provide myself with job security. The way that the current economy works seems to benefit the employer not the employee. I hope that the future will provide more for the worker with job security. The ability to have a single rewarding lifelong career seems to have been lost within the system.

Why Should Marijuana be legalized

Discuss the system of checks and balances in the Canadian Political system. I. E. The race between the crown, the prime minister, the house of commons, the Senate and the Judiciary. Are these checks an effective way to manage political power In democratic Canada? 2) Thanks to a well-run campaign, The Party du Quobcoos narrowly won the 2014 Quebec provincial elections.It is now 201 5 and you have been asked by the party to write a referendum question that go forth satisfactorily address the Partys vision for Cubebs future. How will you word that question and why? What objectives do you anticipate from Federalist forces? In answering these questions, be certain(a) to reflect upon the Issues surrounding previous referendums In Quebec. 4) Canada is a federal official rather than a unitary state. What does this hold still for? How deeply entrenched if Federalism in the Canadian constitutional order?In your answer, be certain to discuss the ingredient of power between the federal and provincial government (look at section 33, section 1 for question 3) 5) In the Canadian Senate an anachronistic relic of a bygone age? Does It perform any liable functions for the Canadian political system? Should it be reformed? If so, why? If not, why not? 6) Discus the polis CIA of act of terrorism as a contestable political category, as a recurrent historical phenomenon, and as a modern policy concern.What do you make of Millers melodic phrase That the costs of terrorism very often come mostly from the dear and consequent reaction (or overreaction) If characteristically Inspires (qualities stoked by terrorism industry) not from its direct effectuate which are unusually comparatively limited In light of your discussion, what strategy would be most effective to reduce terrorism violence) 7)In a address delivered In march 201 2, us president Barack Obama outlined us policy towards Iran. L reserve all options and my policy here Is not going to be one of containment my policy is prevention of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons and as, I indiscriminately in my speech, when I say all options are on the table I mean it. Does nuclear proliferation represent a fundamental threat of world security? If so, what should be done about?. In answering this question be certain to explore the arguments of both proliferation

Low Fertility Rate

written Report economic crisis Fertility place written Report Justin Koh Zhi-ren MGMT003 B Jothi Rai & S ,G Tang Li 6Ying G9 G Jamie Lee Yaling Prepared For Professor Er Jwee Ping Genevive Chan Keng Ling Prepared By Yong Yi Wee ChiaDaryl Linus Lee Zhi Siong Jian Song, Eric Darren Teng Tze Shang USINESS OVERNMENT OCIETY ROUP Tackling The bother Of Low Fertility Rates In Singapore Author(s) Lim Tze-En, Jamien Oh Wei Liang, Peter Wang Xiao Group Team 3991 1 G13 Word Count (excluding content page and references) 3947 Report for flattery by Written Report Low Fertility Rates Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction .. .. 3 2. 1 Overview .. 3 2. 2 Definitions 3 2. 2. 1 Total fruitfulness valuate .. . . 3 2. 2. 2 Population aging 3 2. 3 Reasons for fall fertility rates .. 3 2. 3. 1 Lack of economic means to raise a electric razor .. 3 2. 3. 2 Lack of affectionate means to raise a child 4 2. 3. 3 Environmental factors .. 4 2. 4 Impact of falling fertility rates 5 2. 4. 1 Economic consequences .. 5 2. 4. 2 Social consequences 6 . 0 Issue Analysis .. 3 3. 0 4. 0 Stakeholder analysis 6 Analysis and evaluation of goernment actions .. 7 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 Parent-? targeted initiatives 7 Immigration initiatives . 10 Promoting Marriage .. 10 Economic measures 12 Social measures . 13 Environmental measures 13 5. 0 Recommendations . 12 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. 0 8. 0 9. 0 Limitations .. 13 Appendix .. 15 References .. 16 2 7. 0 Conclusion .. 14 Written Report Low Fertility Rates 1. 0 Introduction The aim of this report is to analyze the existing problem of Singapores low fertility rate. By delving into its reconcile causes and potential consequences, we hope to effectively evaluate the measures that the Singapore government has taken to tackle this critical issue, while proposing some practical recommendations. However, as no catholicon is without side effects, we give also highlight the limitations to our proposals. 2. 0Issue Analysis 2. 1 Overview According to The Straits Times on 18 January 2011, Singapores baby shortfall worsened last year when the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) sank to a historic low of 1. 16. That is down from 1. 22 in 2009, and way below the exchange level of 2. 1 (Li, 2011). Declining fertility rates is one of Singapore greatest challenges, bringing with it both economic and social impact. In addition, it is also a key-? alter factor towards Singapores inescapable ageing population. 2. 2 Definitions 2. 2. 1 Total Fertility Rate A populations total fertility rate refers to the average event of hildren that would be born per female, if all females live through their childbearing years of 15-? 49 and bear children according to a precondition set of age-? specific fertility rates. (Ministry Of Community Development, Youth & Sports, 2010) 2. 2. 2 Ageing Population Ageing population refers to a situation where an increase in government issue of elderly, and a decrease in number of newborn babies lead to a shift in the media n age distribution of a population. 2. 3 Reasons for falling fertility rates 2. 3. 1 Lack of economic means to raise a child High direct cost of raising a child 3 Written Report Low Fertility Rates The asic costs of raising a child in Singapore include the costs of gestation period and delivery, infant care, childcare and education. Besides, there are other additional living allowances as well as the possible extra holiday trips that need to be considered. A report by The Sunday Times (2010, as cited in 1 Million to, 2010) estimated that the cost of raising 2 children in Singapore is most $1 million. These high costs act as a deterrent for couples to reserve children in Singapore, resulting in low fertility rates. Late entry into compose outcome imputable to national service The mandatory two-? year national service delays theSingaporean males entry into the work force, delaying his ability to support a family till a later age. Since couples usually seek financial stability be fore they start a family, this has caused couples to delay their plans to have children, thereby contributing to cut down fertility rates. Other economic commitments The high costs of living in Singapore currently take up a large portion of the periodical income of Singaporeans. Coupled with the rising property prices and costs of owning a car, there is less incentive for couples to start a family, since having children would only add to their financial burden. 2. 3. Lack of social means to raise a child Long working hours The high filter out levels and long working hours in Singapore have been proven by many studies. According to an article Dont blame lack by the International Labor Organization (2010), workers in Singapore clocked the most number of working hours per week among twelve nations in the survey. Such a phenomenon lowers fertility rates since couples might feel that they would not be able to care for their children due to long working hours. Both parties in work forc e The common phenomenon that both husbands and wives hold full-? time jobs also directly affects ouples willingness to raise children. Work stress endured by both parties leaves little time and energy for childcare and couples might be more than hesitant when making a decision to have children. 2. 3. 3 Environmental factors Large influx of immigrants In order to cope with the declining population, Singapore has developed a sound immigration policy to attract the work force necessary to grow our economy. As of 2010, approximately 35 of every 100 people living in Singapore are PRs, or foreigners 4 Written Report Low Fertility Rates on work permits or study visas (Department Of Statistics Singapore, 2011). Many f these non-? citizens can be viewed as transient residents with no intention of settling down permanently in Singapore. plot of ground no official studies have been carried out, it is postulated that the fertility rate of these non-? citizens is much lower than that of Singa pore citizens, draw down our national fertility rate as a whole (Chong Lee Ming, 2009). Influence from western culture As a cosmopolitan city, Singaporeans have also been greatly influenced by western culture. The westernized new age culture of cohabitation in place of marriage has taken root with the younger multiplication of Singaporeans. Hence, ithout the cling of marriage, the traditional view of having children in a family is gradually watered down. Increasing focus on hedonism With increasing emphasis placed on consumerism, the younger generation of Singaporeans has become more interested in pursuing material goods and pleasures for oneself or else of spending efforts on fostering relationships. As a result, children, in their opinion, are more likely to be a chore than a gift, as was in traditional cultures. 2. 4 Impacts 2. 4. 1 Economic consequences Tapering of economic growth While a low fertility rate does not have a direct impact on the economy, ts impact can be felt over the long term. Children are the work force for tomorrow, and given the situation of a declining fertility rate over the past 2 decades, there has been a fall citizen labour force, as more citizens are reaching retirement age without corresponding new entrants, stifling economic growth. Dwindling supply of local manpower The low fertility rate will lead to a lack of young talent in the future, and result in a bulky instability in the human resource market. The average age of the workforce in Singapore will also consequently increase, and the older generation might be encouraged to elay their retirement. Moreover, the lack of employees whitethorn force companies to increase staff workload, thereby increasing their burden. High dependency on foreign talent 5 Written Report Low Fertility Rates Due to the lack of young local talent, businesses would need to rely on immigrants to ensure that the economic system functions smoothly. These companies may be forced to increase employe e salaries and improve perks, in order to attract foreign job applicants, leading to an increase in staffing costs. 2. 4. 2 Social consequences change magnitude financial burden With a smaller younger generation supporting the ncreasing number of elderly dependents, there will be a greater distortion on government welfare schemes and taxpayers resources. The increased demand for healthcare facilities might inevitably result in rising healthcare costs. More stress and lengthy working hours Due to the possible shortfall in employees, companies might need to increase employee workload and extend working hours to sustain productivity. This might then create another social problem, where a higher level of stress and longer working hours lead to a weakening of family ties or bonding between hook up with couples. This might act as a deterrent for ouples to have children, and further exacerbate the issue of low fertility rates. Dilution of local culture due to immigration As we place a greater reliance on immigration to sustain the population in Singapore, theres a possibility that the huge proportion of immigrants will greatly alter Singapore culture, and gradually dilute the traditional values of our society. 3. 0 Stakeholder analysis The stakeholders in this issue can be defined in the following diagram th Source Bucholtz , Carroll Business and Society 7 edition, Chapter 3, pg85 6 Written Report Low Fertility Rates authority childbearing Singaporean ouples (Dominant Stakeholder) This group has legitimacy and power. Only they have the power to alter the fertility rate in Singapore. They have legitimacy, as they will form part of the ageing population in the future. However, they would not have urgency as they might feel that other priorities should take precedence instead of procreation. The current Singaporean work force (Dependent Stakeholder) Some elderly might be encouraged to extend their retirement due to the slow turnover rate of younger people succeedin g their jobs. Such consequences will bring both economic and social problems to Singapore. Therefore, hey hold legitimacy and urgency but not power. Potential Immigrants (Dormant Stakeholder) Immigrants could be a possible solution in solving the low fertility rate problem (Cheow Xin Yi, 2011). The potential immigrants have the power to decide whether to emigrate to Singapore and therefore contribute to the solution for the low birthrate or not, however they have no urgency and legitimacy as this problem is not of concern to them. Government (Definitive Stakeholder) The government has legitimacy, urgency and power. Low fertility rate is an issue faced by the state, and it is their job to solve such matters.

Case Presentation “Please Dont Let Me Die” Essay

The ethical principal showcased in this case presentation was beneficence. The nurses were not thinking beneficially of the resident in any aspect of their practice. A professional nurse would not consider leaving a floor with provided three nursing assistants to care for 100 patients. The nursing assistants do not feature the authority to manage a floor, the license to ensure patient care, nor do they possess the required knowledge to assess patients or delegate tasks. The institutional constraint would be the state of severe understaffing. For a facility of one light speed patients to be cared for by only three nurses significantly lowers the amount of care. According to a chart in the Journal of Scholarly Nursing (2010), Ohio standards are to have a ratio of one licensed nurse to every fifteen direct care patients in a nursing home facility (p 91).This presentation, even so with the ten amountitional nursing assistants, was still understaffed with these standards. Although understaffed, the nurses are culpable because the patient was not thoroughly assessed. As a part of the scope and standard of nursing, an assessment would have revealed the need for a focused assessment. The focused assessment would have directed the nurses to signs and symptoms of the bowel obstruction, or led to further investigation. Provision sixer is associated with the presentation in that it is essentially concentrating on ethical decision making in the workplace. Stated in Provision Six (2010), Professional nurses make decisions that significantly affect the lives of others on a daily basis (p.72). The nurses caring for Loren Richards should have used Provision Six in deciding when to take a break.thither are several characteristics I would have changed about the presentation. Firstly, none of the nurses voiced the aversion for the short staffing. I feel strongly about this being a issue and would have mentioned something to management or the director of nursing. Secondly, the amount of professionals taking a break at the same time was exceptionally unethical. Scattering breaks throughout the shift would have been a more superior decision. Finally, pain is the fifth vital sign and when a patient is complaining, it is a nursing standard to assess. To add vomiting to his signs, and no action was taken, is complete contrary to my nursing practice.ReferencesHarrington, C., Choiniere, J., Goldmann, M., Jacobsen, F., Lloyd, L., McGregor, M., & Szebehely, M. (2012). Nursing Home Staffing Standards and Staffing Levels in Six Countries. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 44(1), 88-98. doihttp//dx.doi.org.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01430.x Olson, L. (2010). Provision Six. In Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses (p. 72). Silver Spring , Maryland nursesbooks.org.

Michelangelo Pieta

Evan OMeara September 18, 2012 Humanities Seminar WF 1130 Prof. Lomanno The Beauty of Pieta Michelangelo Buonarroti is one of the most critically acclaimed artworkists in human history. His artwork was created during the time of the Renaissance (15th century-17th century Europe). The Renaissance was a period of prosperity for literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, as well as other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Michelangelos works have stood the test of time and are still available to the public eye today. Of all Michelangelos masterpieces the Pieta stands out from the rest.This famous work of art depicts the soundbox of Jesus in the arms of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. It is an important work as it balances the Renaissance ideals of classical beauty with naturalism. The statue is one of, if non the most exquisite works of art by Michelangelo Michelangelos Pieta is his most beautiful piece of art in my eyes. I have never seen a sculpture with such(prenominal) intricate detail in my entire life. Michelangelo is famous for sculpting every muscle, tendon, and vein on the human body with unfathomable exactitude, as he does with the Pieta.The detail makes this sculpture beautiful because I have never seen anything like it. The sculpture almost looks too perfect. I cannot marvel how the hand of Michelangelo in such a short period of time produced such divine work. I cannot understand how one can just take a block of stain and have the Pieta as a finished product. It almost seems impossible, but that is what makes it beautiful. Another element of this sculpture that I find beautiful is the way Michelangelo sculpted the vestal Marys robe. It almost seems as if her clothes are not made of marble.Every crease in her robe is sculpted with such precision and detail. I do not know where Michelangelo found the patience to complete this piece. What most people could not achieve in a lifetime Michelangelo achieved in a year. He creat ed a sculpture that defines divine beauty. Michelangelo did not want his version of the Pieta to represent death, but rather to show the religious vision of abandonment and a serene face of Jesus. The Virgin Marys face is youthful, yet beyond time her head leans only slightly over the lifeless body of her son lying in her lap unlike other versions of the Pieta.Michelangelo wanted to express divine beauty in his version. This version is more peaceful than the others. The agony wounds on Jesus hands and feet are small and non-violent. The fact that Michelangelo wanted to sculpt a new version of the Pieta in which nobody had ever seen is beautiful to me. The Pieta truly is Michelangelos most remarkable work of art. It was the first piece he personally signed. It was his first masterpiece in his eyes. Just days after it was placed in Saint Peters, Rome, Michelangelo overheard a pilgrim remark that the work was done by Christoforo Solari, a rival sculptor.Michelangelo knew his sculpture of divine beauty was going to be one of the best the world has ever seen. That night, in a fit of rage, Michelangelo took hammer and chisel and scrawled Michelangelo Buonarroti, Florentine, made this across Marys breast. This is the only work that Michelangelo ever signed. He later regretted his passionate outburst of pride and determined to never again sign a piece of his work. Signed by the artist or not, Michelangelos Pieta will forever be a work of divine beauty that is often imitated, but never duplicated. Word Count 580

Computer Engineering Degree Essay

electronic calculator Engineering combines Electrical Engineering and electronic computing device Science and deals with the institution and application of computing machine systems. These computer systems can range from large super computers to tiny microprocessors that ar embed in all kinds of equipment, such as automobiles, appliances, cellular phones, medical devices, office equipment, etc. The goal of the Computer Engineering is to provide students with a practical, hands-on education that emphasizes applications.The Computer Engineering plan teaches students about computer hardware, software, integration, interfacing, and applications, with a strong emphasis on analysis and design. In their first two years, students obtain a solid foundation in mathematics and sciences. In their third year, students are introduced to a broad spectrum of computer engineering disciplines. In their senior year, students gain in-depth knowledge in elective areas of electrical engineering and computer science. In addition to solving technical problems, engineers must also be responsible and respected members of the community.Therefore, the curriculum includes a range of general education courses to round out the students university education. The Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering is a 132-unit degree. Major requirements comprise 99 units, including mathematics, chemistry and physics prerequisites. The remaining 33 units are in general education. Careers in Computer Engineering Graduates of Computer Engineering have a human body of exciting options available to them. Many get high-paying jobs in industry where they engage in the design, analysis, testing, manufacturing and servicing of electronic computer equipment and software.High technology companies in the fields of electronic and computer manufacturing, communications, robotics and control all charter computer engineers. The Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Engineering also prepares the student for a continuation of studies in a variety of fields. Graduates can go on to obtain a MS or Ph. D. degree in an area of specialization in electrical engineering or computer science or they may decide to obtain a Masters in Business Administration, righteousness or Medicine.

Dubbing and Subtitling

UNIT dub and Subtitling body structure 1. Objectives 1. Introduction 2. name in spheric Media Industry 1. What is dub 2. Difference between dub and Voice-Over 3. Challenges of nickname 4. unavoidableness of dub in Global Media Industry 1. 3 Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. What is Subtitling 2. Types of Subtitling 3. tale of Subtitling 4. Challenges of Subtitling 5. Necessity of Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. 4 Difference between Dubbing and Subtitling 1. 5 Necessity of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. Summing up 1. 7 Glossary 1. 8 Further Readings 9. part your Progress Solutions . 1. Objectives After reading this unit, you depart be able to Describe the difference between Dubbing and Subtitling Demonstrate the growing demand of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry Describe the prospect of Dubbing and Subtitling in Global Media Industry 3. Introduction In this unit we will demonstrate the concept and piece of Dubbing and Subtitl ing in Global Media Industry. We will try to diametriciate Dubbing from Voice-Over.We will also discuss the difference between dubbing and subtitling. We will focus on the challenges in Dubbing and Subtitling. Apart from this, we will focus on the necessity and of Dubbing and Subtitling. Pictures have universal language. It is said that a evidence is break off than 1000 row. Films, television set and other video schedules argon the mannequins of pictures in which pictures argon moved at a very high speed (24 to 48 frames per second) Since the beginning of Cinema, fool aways have been a global commodity to be exported in other countries.Lumiere Brothers, who were among the pioneers of cinematography came to India to show their cinema to Indians and British. Indias First photograph to be released was make by Father of Indian cinema- Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (alias Dadasaheb Phalke). It was in 1913 when his film Rajah Harischandra was released in theatres. It was a silent movie with no theatrical role at all. Only pictures with body gestures. It was watched by the people of unalike states of India oratory different languages. So popular and hit was the movie that Phalke went on to make more than hundred movies.Movies of this silent eon (1913-1930) had dialogueues through inter-lines which were often in slope and two or three Indian Languages. And making a movie and showing it to the people of different places speaking different languages was non a problem. But when Talkies came into the picture the issue of language rose there. Now it was not possible to make a movie in one language and show it to the people of different places speaking different languages. Had there been no voice in the movies, serials and other video format programs there would have not been all need theme this chapter at all. . 2 Dubbing in Global Media Industry 2. What is Dubbing In simple words Dubbing is the process of creating an alternate, synchronized sound fall into place of the distinguish dialogue of any film, Television program or any other video program. Dubbing is the process through which soundtrack of a video production is replaced. The term well-nigh commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers, who whitethorn be speaking a different language The video can a film or video recording program or any other video.In most of the cases dubbing is make to provide the new sound track to an already produced video in the language of the targeted audition. While doing so, the synchronization between the visuals and sound track is ensured. Dubbing helps the video to fade to a larger number of audiences of different language spread across the globe. . Dubbing also describes the process of an actors re-recording lines spoken during filming and which must be replaced to improve audio quality or reflect dialog changes. This process is calledautomated dialogue replacement, orADRfor short.Music is also dubbed onto a film after editing is completed. For instance, in India, there are hundreds of languages and dialects spoken by people living in different parts of the state. Every producer who produce any film or TV program or video advertisement wants to reach maximum number of audience Films, videos and sometimes video games are sometimes dubbed into the locallanguageof a foreign market. Dubbing is common in theatrically released film,television series, cartoons andanimegiven foreign distribution. 3. Difference between Dubbing and Voice-OverDubbing is the process through which soundtrack of a video production is replaced, usually in the language other than the language of original production. Dubbing is the take on translation of the dialogues of the original language into the targeted language. For showcase a movie originally produced in Hindi is translated to Tamil and all the Hindi dialogues of the movie are translated and recorded in Tamil ensuring the sy nchronisation with the visuals of the original visuals. On the other hand Voice-over is process of provided detail of visuals in the sound track.Voice-Over is done in the language of production. 4. Challenges of Dubbing Languages, understood as the particular set of speech norms of a particular community, are also a part of the larger culture of the community that speak them. A communitys ways of using language is a part of the communitys culture, just as other shared practices are, it is way of displaying group identity Languages do not differ only in pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar, but also through having different cultures of speakingAccent, articulation, enunciation, Intonation, stress, pause, rhythm according to the targeted language. cultuaral aspects ,, different languages have different culture according to the place and companionship they are spoken in. 5. Necessity of Dubbing in Global Media Industry Glabalisation in late mid-eighties and early nineties has opened the door of most of the countries for business of goods and services including the media business which includes entertainment as well.A movie produced in Hollywood is exported to different countries to be released in the theatres of those countries. The number of audience, who watch English movies, is not as high as the number of audience in local or regional language. In such scenarios it becomes imperative to dub the movie in the local language so that it may reach to larger number of audience. In this way dubbing is beneficial for the producer of the movie, local presidency and the audience who get the dubbed version of the Hollywood movie in their own language.Producer can exploit his profit, local government generates more revenue as entertainment tax and income tax and the local audience get the opportunity to enjoy the movie in their own language, which otherwise would not have been possible. 3. Subtitling in Global Media Industry 1. 3. 1 What is Subtitling (an abbreviated version of the dialogue, which is projected on the screen) Subtitlesare textual versions of the dialog in films and television programs, usually displayed at the bottom of the screen.They can either be a form of writetranslationof a dialog in a foreign language, or a written rendering of the dialog in the same language, with or without added information to help viewers who are deafenandhard-of- perceiveto follow the dialog, or people who cannot understand the spoken dialogue or who have show recognition problems. Television teletext subtitles, which are hidden unless requested by the viewer from a menu or by selecting the relevantteletextpage (e. g. , p. 888), always carry additive sound representations for deaf and hard of hearing viewers.Teletext subtitle language follows the original audio, except in multi-lingual countries where the broadcaster may provide subtitles in additional languages on other teletext pages. Sometimes, mainly atfilm festivals, subtitles may be shown on a separate display below the screen, thus saving the film-maker from creating a subtitled copy for perhaps just one showing. Television subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing is also referred to asclosed captioningin some countries. 2. Types of Subtitling 3. History of Subtitling 4. Challenges of Subtitling 5. Necessity of Subtitling in Global Media IndustrySubtitling is the quickest and the cheapest method of translating content, and is usually praised for the possibility to hear the original dialog and voices of the actors. TV subtitles may be primarily for deaf people or those who are hard of hearing, but investigate has revealed they are used by six trillion people who have no hearing detriment Research by Ofcom, the media regulator, has found that of the 7. 5 million people who use TV subtitles, six million have no hearing impairment at all. (A BBC report on 31 March 2006) Global Language , Not all the films are made in English neither all the audience know English.Her e arises the need for dubbing a movie into different languages so that it may reach to a larger number of audience. 3. Difference between Dubbing and Subtitling Though dubbing and subtitling both are done to reach to the audience of languages other than that in which the original production has been done. In many cases the subtitling is done in the language of production as well. This is to cater the needs of those who have hearing disabilities and for educational purposes. For example government of India promotes the process of subtitling in its programs on Doordarshan.Despite of having the above similarity Dubbing and Subtitling are different from each other in basic concept and activity. Dubbing is a process of creating an alternate, synchronized soundtrack of the complete dialogue on the other hand Subtitling is text version of the dialogue, which is projected on the screen, normally at the bottom of the screen. 1. 5 1. 6 Summing up 1. 7 Glossary 1. 8 Further Readings 1. Zatlin, Phyllis 2005 Theatrical displacement reaction & Film Adaptation A Practitioners View. Clevedon, England MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD 2. 3. 10. Check your Progress Solutions